After Richard Nixon died in 1994, he was widely praised as a statesman. Eulogies and reminiscences recounted his accomplishments in the arena of foreign policy. This concentration on world affairs and the praise that went along with it was a last

	In the divisive arena of politics, Richard Nixon found common ground when he talked baseball.

triumph for Nixon, who had spent the years after his 1974 resignation from office emphasizing his foreign policy expertise in an effort to rebuild his reputation.

The memory of Watergate obscures the fact that Nixon was always a brilliant political campaigner. He and Franklin D. Roosevelt share a record for the most major party nominations on a national ticket, with five. In part, he was so successful because he often was able to appeal to voters across party lines by seeming human rather than political.

One great example of this appeal came in the summer of 1972, in the midst of his run for re-election, when Nixon named a historical all-star baseball team. He cleverly used his love of sports and the social, and cultural leadership position of the presidency -- what Theodore Roosevelt called the "bully pulpit" -- to garner positive press attention that had little to do with politics.

Nixon achieved a decisive electoral victory over Senator George McGovern of South Dakota in the 1972 presidential election. He won 60.7 percent of the vote and carried 49 of the 50 states, including McGovern's home state. His percentage of the vote was third best in American history up to that time.

He ran the 1972 election not as a candidate but as The President. Nixon and his campaign staff saw this strategy as the best way to reach out to voters who normally voted for Democrats. A deliberate effort was made to show a side of Nixon that the public rarely saw. Campaign admen worked to make sure that advertising subtly presented his sense of humor, compassion and other positive traits.

Although it became part of the general effort to "humanize" Nixon, the historical all-star team was not planned as such. Cliff Evans, a reporter for RKO General Broadcasting, started the idea for a presidential all-star team at the end of a press conference held in the Oval Office on June 22, 1972. Evans asked the president to name his favorite ballplayers. Nixon, a life-long sports fanatic, responded quickly. He named New York Yankee legend Lou Gehrig as his first baseman and put Jackie Robinson, the Brooklyn Dodgers hero, at second base. Then an idea flashed into his head, and he began to meander. Instead of naming his shortstop, he said, "You must include Mickey Mantle." Then he added

	'If not for the Korean War, his record would have been greater,' Richard Nixon said of Red Sox slugger Ted Williams.

Ted Williams, the Boston Red Sox outfielder, to the list, saying, "If not for the Korean War, his record would have been greater. He was the only one to hit .400 since Ty Cobb." The president also included Stan Musial of the St. Louis Cardinals. "If he had played in New York, he would have been the greatest," he commented. But there Nixon had a problem: Musial, like Gehrig, was a first baseman. The president quickly realized the difficulty inherent in picking and choosing between legendary players and stopped.

In a follow-up question, Evans asked, "Mr. President, as the nation's No. 1 baseball fan, would you be willing to name your all-time baseball team?" An honorary member of the Baseball Writers' Association, Nixon quickly replied, "Yes."

The opportunity was too good for either the sports fan or the politician in Nixon to pass up. He would get to make a contribution to baseball, a pastime he loved, and the publicity associated with the sport would help his image with the potential Nixon-voting Democrats. The president started making his selections that Sunday at Camp David, and called on his son-in-law David Eisenhower, the namesake of the compound, for help.

David Eisenhower knew baseball. He had worked briefly for the Washington Senators, the National League franchise that had just relocated to the Dallas-Ft. Worth area and renamed itself the Texas Rangers. "We sat down together and began to study the record books for the purpose of compiling a list of stars," Nixon wrote, "which would stand up under the scrutiny such a selection would receive from the sports writers and baseball fans throughout the country." White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman found Nixon quite excited about the project, noting in his diary: "The P (is) all cranked up about his baseball all-time great story."

Nixon and Eisenhower did most of the work at Camp David, but the president continued to make revisions after returning to Washington. "The P got into quite a thing about his baseball piece," Haldeman recorded. "He's spending an incredible amount of time today on the whole thing. Working out all the little details. Kind of fascinating and not just a little amusing." After looking at the finished list, White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler told David and Julie Eisenhower, "I never cease to be amazed at the president's knowledge of both the color and detail of the sports world."

	Nixon's Pre-War All-Star Teams
	American League All-Stars
	1B	Lou Gehrig
	2B	Charlie Gehringer
	3B	Red Rolfe
	SS	Joe Cronin
	OF	Babe Ruth
	OF	Joe DiMaggio
	OF	Al Simmons
	C	Mickey Cochrane
	C	Bill Dickey
	P	Satchel Paige
	P	Herb Pennock
	P	Lefty Grove
	P	Red Ruffing
	P	Bobo Newsom
	Reserves
	IF	Jimmie Foxx
	IF	Hank Greenberg
	IF	Luke Appling
	OF	Goose Goslin
	OF	Harry Heilman
	P	Johnny Murphy
	Manager
		Connie Mack
	National League All-Stars
	1B	Bill Terry
	2B	Rogers Hornsby
	3B	Pie Traynor
	SS	Arky Vaughan
	OF	Paul Waner
	OF	Mel Ott
	OF	Hack Wilson
	C	Ernie Lombardi
	C	Gabby Hartnett
	P	Carl Hubbell
	P	Dizzy Dean
	P	Bucky Walters
	P	Mort Cooper
	P	Burleigh Grimes
	Reserves
	IF	Frankie Frisch
	IF	Mary Marion
	OF	Ducky Medwick
	OF	Chuck Klein
	OF	Edd Roush
	P	Mace Brown
	Manager
		Branch Rickey

As Nixon finished, Ziegler arranged to get maximum publicity for the selections. The list was distributed through the Associated Press on June 30 under the president's byline for publication in the Sunday papers on July 2. Nixon remembered who suggested the endeavor in the first place and insisted on doing a short, exclusive interview with Evans before the release. The president also gave him credit for the idea in the text that accompanied the selections.

Instead of producing a single all-time, all-star team roster, Nixon decided to select a pre- and post-war team for each league. "I found it impossible to limit the team to nine men," he explained. He also decided to go no further back than 1925, the year he started following baseball. As a result, legendary players such as Ty Cobb, Cy Young, Grover Cleveland Alexander and "Shoeless" Joe Jackson failed to appear on his roll. He stopped with the 1970 season, so he could have a little distance in evaluating the performances of various players. His selections were:

Nixon also provided the Associated Press with seven pages of text, elaborating on his selections. His remarks included personal observations and experiences designed to show his first-hand knowledge and expertise in the sport. In one example, he wrote, "I was in Yankee Stadium for the first game of the World Series in 1963 when Sandy Koufax broke the World Series record when he struck out 15 Yankees. On that day no pitcher in baseball history could have surpassed him."

The president admitted that some of these experiences affected his selections. He included Arky Vaughan on his prewar National League team because they had gone to high school together. Dick Groat found his way onto the league's post-war team because he had roomed with Nixon's younger brother, Ed, at Duke University. In the American League, Bobo Newsom ended up on the pre-war team, and Harmon Killebrew was on the post-war team in part for sentimental reasons. Nixon, however, argued that both made important but under-appreciated contributions to their teams that merited their inclusion. Newsom spent most of his career playing for mediocre teams, which obscured his talent, and Killebrew's strong hitting made up for his weak fielding skills.

The "First Fan" added some personal observations of the greatest performances he had ever witnessed. Ted Williams was his best hitter. For glove work, he said Brooks Robinson was the best in the infield, while Joe DiMaggio "made all the difficult plays look easy" in the outfield. For base running and pitching, he named Maury Wills and Sandy Koufax, respectively. He named Jackie Robinson as the "best all-round athlete" and Lou Gehrig as the "most courageous player," calling him, in an interesting choice of words, "baseball's Mr. Profile in Courage."

In making his selections, Nixon admitted that some sports fans might take exception with him for leaving one of their favorites off his list. He called picking and choosing between great players "one of the hardest assignments I have ever undertaken." In his concluding sentence, he declared, "If some smart reporter asks me to name an all-star football team, the answer will be a flat NO!"

The all-star picks earned Nixon significant positive publicity, although there was quite a bit of variation in coverage among cities that had Major League Baseball teams. The president's political hometown newspaper, the Los Angeles Times, ran the full article on the front page of the sports section below the fold, using the president's byline. The San Francisco Chronicle, Baltimore Sun, Kansas City Star, and New York Times also ran front-page sports stories with Nixon's byline. The New York paper added photos of nine selectees as well as an insert box of the all-star roster. Neither the Chicago Sun-Times nor the Boston Globe ran the story on the front page of their sports sections, but both committed major amounts of space to the article. The Chicago Sun-Times devoted a full page, while the Globe used roughly three-fourths of a page and illustrated the piece with photos of Nixon and Eisenhower, along with photos of Koufax, Wills, DiMaggio and Robinson.

A few publications chose not to print any of Nixon's selections. The most prominent was Sports Illustrated, which called the president's lists one of the "super all-time all-star publicity ploys."

	Nixon's Post-War All-Star Teams
	American League All-Stars
	1B	Harmon Killebrew
	2B	Nellie Fox
	3B	Brooks Robinson
	SS	Lou Boudreau
	OF	Ted Williams
	OF	Mickey Mantle
	OF	Frank Robinson
	C	Yogi Berra
	C	Elston Howard
	P	Bob Lemo
	P	Bob Feller
	P	Early Wynn
	P	Whitey Ford
	P	Dave McNally
	Reserves
	IF	Bobby Richardson
	IF	Luis Aparicio
	OF	Al Kaline
	OF	Carl Yastrzemski
	OF	Tony Oliva
	P	Hoyt Wilhelm
	Manager
		Casey Stengel
	National League All-Stars
	1B	Stan Musial
	2B	Jackie Robinson
	3B	Eddie Mathews
	SS	Ernie Banks
	OF	Hank Aaron
	OF	Willie Mays
	OF	Roberto Clemente
	C	Roy Campanella
	C	Johnny Bench
	P	Sandy Koufax
	P	Warren Spahn
	P	Juan Marichal
	P	Bob Gibson
	P	Robin Roberts
	Reserves
	IF	Maury Wills
	IF	Dick Groat
	IF	Willie McCovey
	IF	Ken Boyer
	OF	Duke Snider
	P	Roy Face
	Manager
		Walter Alston

The chosen players responded publicly and privately with gratitude, which gave Nixon even more publicity in this endeavor. "I'm tickled to death to be named with all those great players," Ted Williams told The Associated Press. "He knows more about baseball than some of the people in the game," Hank Aaron remarked. Aaron then added, "All I can say is that I'm quite honored." Harmon Killebrew, Henry Greenberg, and Robin Roberts wrote to the White House, each thanking Nixon for his selection. "It is especially refreshing to a retired athlete to try to explain to his friends how this can be," Roberts commented. He then added a recollection of meeting Little Leaguer David Eisenhower and autographing his glove. Jackie Robinson's reaction was more mixed. "I'm honored that he thought of me that way," Robinson told reporters after learning of his selection as "best all-round athlete." A week later, however, Sports Illustrated found a more cynical Robinson questioning the president's expertise: "I mean, how many games has Nixon actually seen?" Another Dodger, Walter Alston, selected as the post-war National League manager, simply said, "I'd be the last one in the world to argue with the president of the United States."

Many of the families of deceased players expressed their thanks to Nixon privately. The widow of Robert Rolfe called her husband's selection a "wonderful addition" to his baseball honors. The daughter of Herb Pennock thanked Nixon for including her father, and excluding her father-in-law, Hall of Famer Eddie Collins. The omission gave her an advantage in a continuing debate with her husband over the ability of their fathers. White House staff members made sure Nixon saw this letter. He playfully wrote back, and leveled the playing field in the Collins household, saying he made a mistake in leaving the elder Collins off his list. Joe Medwick wrote to thank the president not only for naming him, but also his former teammate Arky Vaughan, calling him "a great team man." Nixon enjoyed these private correspondences and decided to build on them. He had the White House staff produce a special pamphlet, and sent a copy to every one of his selectees or their next-of-kin.

A number of people disagreed with Nixon's picks, but these criticisms only served to give the president more publicity, enhancing the stature of the endeavor. Objections fell into three groups. One collection of sportswriters criticized the merits of the endeavor. "It is impossible and a waste of time to compare players of one era with another in any sport," wrote the sports editor of New Hampshire's Concord Monitor. "As times change, so does the game or sport." A columnist for the Boston Herald Traveler and Record American agreed, saying the exercise was "frivolous." Another group of reporters focused their attention on the creation of four all-star teams, rather than one. "If a segment of the electorate has been slighted, it's not much of a segment," the sports editor of Albany's Knickerbocker News-Union Star wryly observed. The final group chose to disagree with individual selections. These comments were inevitable. "Nobody can name all-stars who will be unanimous choices," Harold Kaese, a columnist for the Boston Globe, stated. With that in mind, Kaese went on to offer a number of alterations to the president's teams. Most of the objections focused on the selection of Nellie Fox, Bobo Newsom, Satchel Paige and Hack Wilson over Joe Medwick, a fact which appears to have bothered sportswriters more than Medwick.

The criticisms of New York Times sports columnist Red Smith had the widest circulation. He attacked the president's writing as lousy, "cliché-ridden," and wordy. Then he offered two contradictory objections. First, he questioned the merit of the entire effort. Then he went on to challenge a number of Nixon's selections, implying that the endeavor was worthwhile after all. Smith's column appeared in a number of papers, under headlines like: "The President Strikes Out" or "Nixon Flunked Badly in Picking His Stars."

The president had his defenders in the press, though the sports editor of the Birmingham News remarked, "Richard Milhous Nixon finally convinced me Sunday he's a baseball fan." His picks were "excellent." Kaese of the Boston Globe and Arthur Daley of the New York Times offered more subdued praise. Both men differed with Nixon on some selections, but approved of his overall effort. The president's picks were "quite acceptable," Kaese observed, and Daley said he "did a reasonably good job." Sports columnist Bob Broeg of The Sporting News approved of his decision to go no further back than 1925. No one could or should try to pass judgment on players they never saw in action. All sportswriters, Broeg observed, should heed Nixon's example.

	“	(It was) the toughest challenge I have ever faced, (because presidents) can pitch -- fast balls, spit balls, bean balls, sinkers, sliders, curve balls, spit balls, bean balls, you name it. These guys can all move the stuff around pretty good. ”
		— Washington Evening Star columnist Tom Dowling in a spoof of Nixon's all-star team

Another measure of the success the selections brought the president were the spin-offs and parodies that appeared in the press in various parts of the country. In Ohio, a reporter for the Youngstown Vindicator produced his list of the all-time greatest Polish players. Tom Dowling, a sports columnist for the Washington Evening Star, satirized Nixon's all-stars with his own presidential all-star team, often adopting some of the language Nixon used. Abraham Lincoln appeared at first base, and other infielders included Harry "the Hat" Truman -- "You need a scrappy little hustler on any all-star team" -- and Ted "Boom Boom" Roosevelt. A weak hitter, Roosevelt made the team for his infield chatter. "Boom Boom psyched out the opposition. Deception is one of the keys to presidential greatness and Ted had that quality." His starting pitcher was "Big" Lyn Johnson. Dowling called that selection "the toughest challenge I have ever faced," because presidents "can pitch -- fast balls, spit balls, bean balls, sinkers, sliders, curve balls, spit balls, bean balls, you name it. These guys can all move the stuff around pretty good." He picked Johnson because he "struck out the whole Senate in a single afternoon with his famous Gulf of Tonkin pitch." The Post-Tribune in Gary, Ind., ran a similar spoof, with Nixon throwing to the first Roosevelt: "Possesses a great curve ball and has licked early control problems." The president enjoyed that parody. Even ballplayers got into the act. Figuring turnabout was fair play, a reporter for the Philadelphia Daily News asked the Philadelphia Phillies to choose the best president."I've been in the game 15 years," one player replied, "and nobody's ever asked me that question." Some responses were smart and sassy: "Who's on the $1,000 bill?" Others chose to be serious. "I've got to go with Nixon," another player responded. "He's getting us out of Vietnam." For whatever reason, Nixon and Lincoln tied at two votes apiece.

The parodies and even the criticisms of the president's selections worked to his advantage. Disagreements about the merits of one player over another were less divisive than other issues in the election, such as the Vietnam War. More importantly, continued attention on the presidential baseball team furthered the larger campaign goal of "humanizing" Nixon. Differences over player selections or even on the merits of the entire endeavor were unlikely to cost the re-election campaign many votes, and continued to present interests of the president with which the public could relate. There were, of course, many voters who were never going to vote for Nixon, and the all-star selections mattered little to them.

The White House staff saw the advantage Nixon gained from being associated with sports, and planned other more baseball-related events. Arrangements were made for Nixon to meet Babe Ruth's widow, former New York Giants great Bobby Thomson, and legendary Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca. The two players were tied together in baseball history when Thomson hit a home run off Branca in a famous 1951 game to win the National League championship. White House documents make it clear that the meeting was arranged because all three supported Nixon's re-election. The president agreed to the meeting, but wanted to add Lou Gehrig's widow, whose political views were unknown. Efforts to track her down were to no avail, and the meeting went ahead as scheduled with the original three.

In addition to being an election year, 1972 was the 25th anniversary of the desegregation of Major League Baseball. Plans were under way to honor Jackie Robinson at the second game of the World Series, and the baseball commissioner's office contacted the White House, hoping the president would attend. There was real interest in this idea among White House staff members, and the NBC television network got a waiver from the Federal Communications Commission on equal time requirements for political candidates, so the event could be televised.

	Jackie Robinson and Richard Nixon had more in common than their love of baseball.

A long personal history between Nixon and Robinson complicated the planning for this appearance. The two met each other at the 1952 Republican convention in Chicago. A mutual admiration society developed between the two. Nixon admired Robinson's athletic talent, while the ballplayer appreciated the politician's strong stand on civil rights. In a column he wrote for the New York Post after his retirement from baseball, Robinson said he would support Nixon in the 1960 election. "I am certain you know what a favorable column on Richard Nixon does in the New York Post," he wrote the then-vice-president. "I haven't had so much mail since I left baseball." Robinson even took a leave of absence from the paper to work on the Nixon campaign. The baseball legend was bitterly disappointed when Nixon refused to make a phone call to a judge to demand bail for the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. after the civil rights leader was given a four-month jail sentence on trumped-up charges. John F. Kennedy called Coretta Scott King, while his brother Robert called the judge. Robinson believed these events cost Nixon the election. A rift developed between Nixon and Robinson in the 1960s, and some have attributed this split to Nixon's inaction on the King arrest. While Robinson was disappointed, he continued to support Nixon. After Nixon lost the 1962 California governor's race and gave his "last press conference," Robinson wrote, "I hope that you will reconsider, Dick, because it is the great men people attack. You are good for politics, good for America." By 1966, however, the two had parted ways and Robinson became a supporter of New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller.

In 1972, the hurt between the two remained. Nixon decided against attending the ceremony honoring Robinson, saying his schedule was too busy. On Oct. 15, the Oakland A's defeated the Cincinnati Reds in the second game of the World Series in Cincinnati. Nixon spent the day at Camp David, relaxing and watching professional football games.

In November 1972, Nixon won re-election in a landslide. Sports fans are fond of arguing that a certain player is better than another, and often dream of seeing one legend play with or against another. When Nixon put together his all-star selections, he gave these fans a way to relate to him.

Nicholas Sarantakes is a history professor at Texas A&M University at Commerce. This essay first appeared in the Journal of Sport History.